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The metaphor is pervasive in language. There are two principal ways in which it is important. First, hundreds of concepts and meanings are lexicalized or expressed in words through metaphors. Many senses of multi-sense words are different kinds of metaphors, too. Similarly, the names of many new concepts or devices, such as virus, web, bug, etc., can be used metaphorically to describe some concepts, events, actions, and even people. Second, in relation to discourse the use of metaphors is important because of their functions. We use lots of metaphors in our speech or writing to express how we feel about something; to explain what a particular thing is like; to convey a meaning in a more interesting or creative way, etc. Significantly, a lot of our understanding of things is mediated through metaphors. The word “metaphor” comes from the Greek word “metapherin,” meaning “to transfer.” As the etymology of the word reveals, it means a transference of some quality from one object to another one. From the times of ancient Greek and Roman rhetoric, this term has been used to denote a transference of a meaning from one word to another one. It is still widely used to designate a natural linguistic process in which the words acquire derivative meanings. (Galperin, 1977:139) A metaphor is a situation in which an unfamiliar concept is expressed in terms of a familiar one. It is a resemblance of two contradictory or different objects made on a single or some common characteristics. When metaphors are involved, the meaning in that particular piece of writing goes far beyond the words of the text.
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- Ilya Galperin “Stylistics,” Higher School, Moscow, 1977.
- Jonathan Picken “Literature, Metaphor, and the Foreign Language Learner,” Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2007.
- Juan Eduardo Cirlot “A Dictionary of Symbols,” Routledge, London, 2001.
- Mei Yung Vanliza Chow “A Comparative Study of the Metaphors Used in the Economic News Articles in Britain and Hong Kong,” University Of Birmingham, 2011.