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A verb can be transitive and intransitive. Transitive verbs can take a direct object, i. e. they express an action which passes on to a person or thing directly. Here belong such verbs as to take, to give, to send, to make, to see, to show, to bring, to love etc.
There are some transitive verbs which are hardly ever used without a direct object, such as to take, to make, to give, to have.
There are other verbs which can be used either with or without a direct object, such as to read, to write, to hear, to see.
She had heard a cry, which sounded like that of a woman or girl in distress (Dreiser, 105)
There are verbs whose primary meaning is transitive and whose secondary meaning is intransitive. Here belong such verbs as to sell, to read, to add, to act, etc.
There are verbs whose primary meaning is intransitive and whose secondary meaning is transitive. Here belong such verbs as to work, to starve, to walk, to run, etc.
In these examples the verbs are used in a causative meaning, i. e. the person or thing denoted by the object is made to perform the action denoted by the verb.
There are verbs which in different contexts can be transitive or intransitive. It is impossible to say which meaning is primary and which is secondary. Here belong such verbs as to open, to move, to turn, to change, to drop, etc. (Жигадло, 1956).
While she stood hesitating, the door opened. (Hardy)
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1. Bryant. M. A Functional English Grammar. Boston, 1945
2. Barber. Linguistic change in Present-Day English. Edinburgh, 1964
3. Blokh, M.Y. A Course in Theoretical English Grammar. — Moscow, 2000.
4. Ganshina and Vasilevskaya. English Grammar. M., 1953
5. Ilysh B. “The Structure of Modern English”, Ленинград, «Просвещение», 1971
6. Jespersen, O. Essentials of English Grammar. — Ldn, 1946.
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