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The language is a system of communication that is used by a particular community of speakers. It has literal and figurative meanings and consists of different types of words, including a large number of colloquialisms and slang words. The slang words are words which are not a part of the standard vocabulary or language. They are used informally and are more commonly used in speech than in writing. Put it differently, the slang is an informal non-standard variety of speech which is characterized by newly coined and rapidly changing words and phrases. It is not merely a lexical phenomenon; it is a kind of linguistic practice rooted in the social needs and behaviour of certain groups of people. The slang is, probably, one of the most difficult aspects of the English language to learn because it has so many variations in every town and city, let alone the different English-speaking countries! Every culture and even every region across the globe has its own slang. Some of these include the American slang, African slang, Spanish slang, Russian slang, etc. The countries of the United Kingdom, such as England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales have their own slang, too. The slang consists of some words that are non-standard in a given language and are generally spoken to show an inclusion in a certain social group. These social groups can be very small or very large (from just a few friends to millions of people using the Internet or a particular website).
The usage of slang may show certain attitudes on the part of the speakers. It often implies a certain familiarity between the people who use it together.
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1. Andrea De Capua “Grammar for Teachers. A Guide to American English for Native and Non-Native Speakers,” Springer, New York, 2008.
2. Angela Downing and Philip Locke “English Grammar,” Routledge, New York. 2006.
3. Barbara Ann Kipfer and Robert Chapman “Dictionary of American Slang,” Harper Collins Publishers, New York, 2007.
4. Camelia Bejan “English Words: Structure, Origin and Meaning. A Linguistic Introduction,” Addleton Academic Publishers, New York, 2017.
5. David Burke “Street Talk 1. How to Speak and Understand American Slang,” Optima Books, 1995.
6. Tom Dalzell and Terry Victor “The Concise New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English,” Routledge, London and New York, 2007.
7. Джером Д. Сэлинджер «Над пропастью во ржи», Издательство: «Эксмо-Пресс», Москва, 2016.